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POLI 381 Flaschard Chapter 5-7, 9 -11
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POLI 381 Flaschard Chapter 5-7, 9 -11
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Chapter 5 (Pg. 167-187)
Study
1
Question
What is the International Society approach in IR?
Answer
The International Society approach views international relations as a society of mutually recognizing states, distinct from a system of competing and conflicting powers.
2
Question
What are the main characteristics of the International Society tradition?
Answer
The International Society tradition has its own distinctive characteristics, problems, and language, with an emphasis on sovereign states as its primary membership.
3
Question
Who are some key thinkers associated with the International Society approach?
Answer
Key thinkers associated with the International Society approach include Hugo Grotius, Emer de Vattel, Arnold Heeren, Charles Manning, Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight, Adam Watson, Hedley Bull, and John Vincent.
4
Question
What is the significance of the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics?
Answer
The British Committee was a key institutional home for the International Society approach, aiming to bring together academics and practitioners from various fields to discuss international society. It played a role in the formation and recognition of the International Society approach within IR.
5
Question
What is the role of the exercise of judgment in the classical International Society approach?
Answer
The classical International Society approach relies explicitly on the exercise of judgment, deriving from philosophy, history, and law. It emphasizes the importance of reflective thinking and decision-making.
6
Question
English School
Answer
Named by critic Jones in 1981, emphasizing intellectual attachment to London and the LSE. Emerged as alternative approach to IR, on par with realism and liberalism.
7
Question
Second Generation Scholars
Answer
Includes John Vincent, Nicholas Wheeler, Tim Dunne, Andrew Linklater, Andrew Hurrell, Hidemi Suganami, Robert Jackson, and Barry Buzan.
8
Question
Third Generation Scholars
Answer
Includes Cornelia Navari, Ian Hall, Edward Keene, William Bain, Tonny Brems Knudsen, Laust Schouenborg, and others. Influenced by neorealism, critical theory, and social constructivism.
9
Question
Exercise of Judgement
Answer
Involves difficult moral choices in foreign policy, such as war and humanitarian intervention. Advocated by Bull.
10
Question
Traditional International Society Approach
Answer
Seeks to avoid stark choice between state egoism and conflict (realism) and human goodwill and cooperation (liberalism). Rejects realist pessimism and liberal optimism.
11
Question
Realist View
Answer
States as self-sufficient, self-regarding organizations relating to each other on the basis of narrow self-interest. Sees international relations as prone to conflict and war.
12
Question
Raison d'Etat vs Raison de Systeme
Answer
Realist notion of the 'reason of state' vs. international society scholars' belief in 'reason of the system' (making the system work).
13
Question
Liberal View
Answer
International relations as a developing global community moving towards unparalleled human progress and perpetual peace.
14
Question
What does the International Society approach reject about liberalisms view of international relations?
Answer
The International Society approach rejects liberalisms optimistic view of international relations as a developing world community that is inevitably moving in the direction of unparalleled human progress and perpetual peace.
15
Question
What are the key emphasis of the International Society approach in international relations?
Answer
The International Society approach emphasizes the fundamental institutions of international society including sovereignty, diplomacy, international law, great power management, the balance of power, and war.
16
Question
How does the International Society approach view international relations?
Answer
The International Society approach views international relations as a society of states in which the principal actors are statespeople who are specialized in the practice of statecraft. The realm of international relations is formally anarchical but substantively orderly.
17
Question
According to International Society theorists, what are international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational corporations in relation to sovereign states?
Answer
International organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational corporations are important human organizations that are also involved in international relations, but they are subordinate to sovereign states, which is considered to be the foundation of world politics by International Society theorists.
18
Question
What distinguishes international politics from national politics according to International Society scholars?
Answer
International politics lacks supreme authority, i.e., there is no world government that is above sovereign states, distinguishing it from national politics.
19
Question
How does the International Society approach view the international sphere in relation to the national sphere?
Answer
The international sphere differs from the national, but there are still common interests, rules, institutions, and organizations that are created and shared by states, and which help to shape the relations of states. This international social condition is summed up by the phrase 'the anarchical society,' a worldwide social order of independent states.
20
Question
Bulls 1995 phrase the anarchical society
Answer
A worldwide social order of independent states.
21
Question
International system vs. International society
Answer
Bull drew a distinction between an international system (formed when states have sufficient contact and impact on each other's decisions) and an international society (formed when a group of states conscious of certain common interests and values form a society).
22
Question
Historical examples of international societies
Answer
Ancient Greek system of city-states, ancient China in the Warring States Period, and the international society that grew out of the common culture of Latin Christendom in the 18th and 19th centuries.
23
Question
Global expansion of international society
Answer
European society grew to engulf the entire globe following decolonization in the 20th century.
24
Question
Extent of international society
Answer
The more international relations constitute a society and the less international relations merely compose a system, the more world politics forms a distinctive human civilization with its own norms, rules, institutions, and values.
25
Question
Impact of cultural unity on international society
Answer
A certain degree of cultural unity among states seems to be a prerequisite for orderly international relations.
26
Question
International society during the Cold War
Answer
At the height of the Cold War, the international society between the United States and the Soviet Union was reduced to being not much more than a system based on the calculations about each other's intentions and capabilities.
27
Question
Weakening of common culture after decolonization
Answer
Decolonization in the decades after the Second World War weakened the common culture that European international society rested on.
28
Question
Respect for international society norms and values
Answer
After the Cold War, the norms and values of international society have been widely respected and provided a modus operandi for Western-centered international organizations.
29
Question
Key Concepts: International system vs. International society
Answer
An international system is formed when states have sufficient contact and impact on each other's decisions, while an international society exists when a group of states conscious of certain common interests and common values form a society.
30
Question
Definition of International Society
Answer
A society of states or international society exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another and share in the working of common institutions (Bull 1995).
Chapter 5 (Pg. 187-End of chapter)
Study
1
Question
Solidarist/Solidarism
Answer
Solidarism is a perspective that emphasizes shared values and cooperation among states. Solidarists argue that international society is not solely based on power politics but can also involve a sense of community and common purpose among states.
2
Question
World Society
Answer
Bull introduces the term "world society" to describe the possibility of a global community with shared values and norms. This concept extends the idea of international society to a broader, more inclusive context.
3
Question
International System
Answer
Refers to the structure of interactions among sovereign states. It is characterized by anarchy, meaning there is no overarching authority to enforce rules or maintain order.
4
Question
Pluralist/Pluralism
Answer
Pluralism, in the context of international relations, is a perspective that emphasizes the distribution of power among multiple actors, often sovereign states. Pluralists highlight the importance of state sovereignty and the balance of power as key factors in international relations.
5
Question
Empire
Answer
A hierarchical system between an imperial government and its various dependencies in which sovereignty is held exclusively by that government and is exercised as supremacy or dominion over its dependencies.
6
Question
Independence
Answer
The anarchical world of neorealism where each state determines its own domestic and foreign policy.
7
Question
Hegemony
Answer
A state that is able to lay down the law of the international system for others while allowing them domestic independence.
8
Question
Pendulum Theory
Answer
Theory illustrated with a metaphor of Time's Pendulum swinging from empire at one extreme to independence at the other, with hegemony as the midpoint.
9
Question
Anarchy
Answer
The absence of a higher authority or government in the international system, where there is no centralized power to enforce rules or prevent conflict.
10
Question
International Society
Answer
International society, according to Bull, goes beyond the anarchical system and implies a shared understanding among states, including common norms, values, and rules. It suggests a level of cooperation and a sense of community among states.
11
Question
European system characterized by a succession of hegemonies
Answer
Watson quotes Wright's observation of European system and its succession of hegemonies sparking anti-hegemonial activities.
12
Question
De facto hegemony in historical international societies
Answer
Watson argues that there were examples of de facto hegemony in historical international societies, but no single power was strong enough to establish the principle of hegemony.
13
Question
Relevance of analyzing regional international societies
Answer
Buzan suggests analyzing regional international societies based on strong common cultures and how they are embedded in a looser global international society.
14
Question
Criticism of historical analyses for being vague with respect to methodology
Answer
Bull and Watson's historical analyses have been criticized for being vague with respect to methodology, and it's unclear how history is used by them.
15
Question
Methodological criticism of the approach
Answer
There are criticisms of the International Society approach for lacking clear standards of inquiry.
16
Question
Eurocentric criticism of the expansion story
Answer
The expansion story has been criticized for being too Eurocentric and ignoring two-way interactions including how the Ottomans or the Chinese affected Europe during its expansion.
17
Question
Realist critique of International Society approach
Answer
The realist critique argues that the evidence that states and statespeople subscribe to international norms is weak or nonexistent.
18
Question
Liberal critique of International Society approach
Answer
The liberal critique argues that the evidence that states and statespeople subscribe to international norms is weak or nonexistent.
19
Question
Critiques of International Society
Answer
There are several major criticisms of the International Society approach to IR. The realist critique argues that the evidence of states subscribing to international norms is weak, the liberal critique downplays domestic politics, the IPE critique fails to account for international economic relationships, and solidarist critiques focus on the approach's limitations in understanding the postmodern world.
20
Question
Realist Critique of International Society
Answer
The realist critique questions the evidence of states being bound by common rules and institutions in their relations with each other. Realists argue that states are bound only by their own national interests, and any respect for international rules is only because it serves their own self-interest.
21
Question
Liberal Critique of International Society
Answer
The liberal critique states that the International Society tradition downplays domestic politics, such as democracy, and cannot account for progressive change in international politics.
22
Question
IPE Critique of International Society
Answer
The IPE critique argues that the International Society approach fails to give an account of international economic relationships, which are a crucial aspect of international politics.
23
Question
Solidarist Critiques of International Society
Answer
Solidarist critiques from within the International Society tradition focus on its limitations, particularly its failure to come to grips with an emerging postmodern world.
24
Question
Realist Critique of International Society (continued)
Answer
Realists believe that states are bound only by their national interests, and any adherence to international rules is merely out of self-interest. In conflicts, national interests always prevail over international obligations, as states prioritize their own security and advantage.
25
Question
International Anarchy
Answer
Central to the approach of International Society theorists, emphasizing the binding of states via treaties and the recognition of legitimate interests and reciprocity in international affairs.
26
Question
Martin Wight
Answer
Developed ideas on Western Values, emphasizing that if states truly acted as realists claim, there would be no binding treaties; highlighted the importance of observing a principle of reciprocity in international affairs.
27
Question
Liberals vs. Realists
Answer
Liberals critique the lack of interest in domestic politics in international relations and claim that liberal democracies are more peaceloving; also critique the International Society approach for its inability to account for progressive change in international relations.
28
Question
Primary vs. Secondary Institutions
Answer
Primary institutions (balance of power, international law, diplomacy, great power management, war) are seen as more important by International Society theorists, with secondary institutions viewed as serving to change international relations under the influence of the primary institutions.
29
Question
What are the primary institutions in international society?
Answer
The balance of power, international law, diplomacy, great power management, and war.
30
Question
What are the secondary institutions in international society?
Answer
Institutions that become possible due to the prior existence of the primary institutions and are shaped by the way these first-order institutions work.
Chapter 6
Study
1
Question
International Political Economy
Answer
The study of the relationship between politics and economics at the international level.
2
Question
Marxism
Answer
A theoretical tradition within IPE that focuses on the role of class struggle and the capitalist mode of production.
3
Question
Mercantilism
Answer
An economic theory that emphasizes the importance of a strong and interventionist state in promoting national wealth and power.
4
Question
Liberalism
Answer
An economic and political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy.
5
Question
Global Political Economy (GPE)
Answer
An alternative label used by some to describe the field of IPE, particularly in the context of today's intensely globalized economic relations.
6
Question
Wealth and Poverty
Answer
Key issues in IPE that focus on the distribution of resources, income inequality, and economic development at the international level.
7
Question
Classical Theoretical Traditions
Answer
The three most important theoretical traditions within IPE: Marxism, Mercantilism, and Liberalism.
8
Question
International Studies
Answer
A broader discipline within which both International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) can be considered subfields.
9
Question
What is IPE?
Answer
International Political Economy (IPE) is the reciprocal and dynamic interaction in international relations of the pursuit of wealth and the pursuit of power.
10
Question
What does IPE study?
Answer
IPE studies the intersection of economics (production and exchange of marketable means of want satisfaction) with the process by which power is exercised in politics.
11
Question
What does IPE connect?
Answer
IPE connects economics and politics beyond the confines of a single state.
12
Question
What was the core normative argument for the establishment of the academic discipline of IR at the beginning of the twentieth century?
Answer
The core normative argument was that it should help promote a more peaceful world.
13
Question
What was the focus of IR during the 1950s and 1960s in the context of the Cold War?
Answer
The focus was on war and peace, shaped by the experiences of two world wars.
14
Question
What did French President Charles de Gaulle consider as 'quartermasters' stuff and low politics'?
Answer
He considered economic affairs as 'quartermasters' stuff and low politics, which could be looked after by lesser minds.
15
Question
What did Charles de Gaulle consider as 'high politics'?
Answer
He considered high politics to concern the larger issues of war and peace, which statesmen like himself took care of.
16
Question
What was the predominant priority given by classical realism and neorealism?
Answer
Both classical realism and neorealism give priority to politics over economics.
17
Question
How were economics and politics in international relations viewed in the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer
Economics and politics in international relations were seen as almost totally isolated from each other, with many scholars making the misjudgment of separating economics and politics.
18
Question
How were economics and politics in international relations described by one scholar in 1970?
Answer
They were described as a case of mutual neglect, with international economics and international politics being studied as qualitatively different activities with different approaches.
19
Question
What happened to the sharp distinction between politics and economics by the early 1970s?
Answer
The sharp distinction between politics and economics was increasingly questioned by the early 1970s.
20
Question
What system, established after the Second World War, showed signs of crisis in the early 1970s?
Answer
The Bretton Woods system
21
Question
Who was the American President who abandoned the gold convertibility of the American dollar?
Answer
Richard Nixon
22
Question
What measure was taken to halt the drain on US gold reserves?
Answer
Abandoning the gold convertibility of the American dollar
23
Question
What does IPE stand for?
Answer
International Political Economy
24
Question
What important question did Robert Keohane ask in his book 'After Hegemony'?
Answer
Can cooperation take place without hegemony and if so, how?
25
Question
In his book, 'After Hegemony', what did Robert Keohane question?
Answer
Why the Bretton Woods system had broken down and become replaced by something less liberal
26
Question
MERCANTILISM
Answer
An economic theory and practice that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.
27
Question
LIBERALISM
Answer
An economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard.
28
Question
After Hegemony - Robert Keohane (1984)
Answer
Explores the possibility of cooperation in the absence of hegemony and how it can be achieved.
29
Question
Robert Gilpin (1987) - The Breakdown of Bretton Woods
Answer
Investigates the reasons behind the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system and its replacement with something less liberal.
30
Question
Oil Crisis (1973)
Answer
Contributed to a sense of lost innocence and highlighted the interconnection between politics and economics during economic crises.
Chapter 7 (Pg. 221-240)
Study
1
Question
What is social constructivism?
Answer
Social constructivism focuses on human awareness and consciousness in world affairs, emphasizing the importance of ideas and beliefs over material factors.
2
Question
What does neorealism focus on?
Answer
Neorealism focuses on the distribution of material power, such as military forces and economic capabilities, to define balances of power between states and explain state behavior.
3
Question
How do constructivists view the international system?
Answer
Constructivists view the international system as existing through shared ideas and beliefs, not solely as a result of material forces. They emphasize understanding and human consciousness over material factors.
4
Question
According to constructivists, what is the international system composed of?
Answer
The international system is composed of ideas, beliefs, and norms arranged by certain people at a particular time and place. It is a human invention, not a physical entity.
5
Question
What is the distinction between moderate and radical constructivism?
Answer
Moderate constructivism emphasizes the influence of thoughts and ideas on international relations, while radical constructivism goes further to argue that the social reality of international relations is not external to human consciousness.
6
Question
According to constructivist Alexander Wendt, what is anarchy in international relations?
Answer
Alexander Wendt famously stated, 'anarchy is what states make of it,' highlighting the idea that the nature of international relations is shaped by the thoughts and ideas of the actors involved.
7
Question
What is constructivism in International Relations?
Answer
Constructivism is all about how people and states can start thinking about each other in new ways and thus create new norms that may be radically different from the old ones.
8
Question
Why did scholars become interested in human agency in International Relations?
Answer
After the end of the Cold War and following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the situation turned much more fluid and open, leading to a renewed interest in the role of human agency or how the world is constantly remade via human intervention.
9
Question
What is neorealist theory in International Relations?
Answer
Neorealist theory is a theory that suggests that other states will equate with the US because offsetting US power is a means of guaranteeing one's own security.
10
Question
What is neorealism?
Answer
Neorealism is a theory about the balance of power and the emergence of new great powers in the world.
11
Question
What is the constructivist claim about neorealism?
Answer
Constructivists argue that a focus on thoughts and ideas leads to a better theory about anarchy and power balancing.
12
Question
What did John Mearsheimer argue about the current rise of China and the resurgence of Russia?
Answer
Mearsheimer argued that it lays the foundation for a multipolar order.
13
Question
What is the role of liberals in understanding neorealism?
Answer
Some liberals accept neorealist assumptions while others focus on the role of ideas after the Cold War.
14
Question
What did Francis Fukuyama proclaim in 1989?
Answer
Fukuyama proclaimed the end of history, endorsing the role of ideas and especially the progress of liberal ideas in the world.
15
Question
What are liberal ideas?
Answer
Liberal ideas relate to the progress of liberal democratic government and the role of thinking and ideas in general.
16
Question
How did the end of the Cold War and the discussion between IR scholars set the stage for the constructivist approach?
Answer
The end of the Cold War and the discussion between neorealists and liberals helped set the stage for the constructivist approach, especially in North America.
17
Question
What did the International Society approach in Europe anticipate?
Answer
The International Society approach in Europe anticipated the constructivist emphasis on the role of ideas and the importance of social interaction between states.
18
Question
What is the concept of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens?
Answer
The concept of structuration analyzes the relationship between structures and actors, highlighting the intersubjective understanding and meaning, as well as the dynamic view of the relationship between structure and actors.
19
Question
How did international actors alter the structural constraints they faced in the use of chemical and nuclear weapons?
Answer
International actors developed a taboo on the use of chemical and nuclear weapons, thereby altering the structural constraints they faced.
20
Question
What does constructivism mean?
Answer
Constructivism is a way of thinking that suggests people create and shape their own history and the world around them.
21
Question
Who are some important philosophers associated with constructivism?
Answer
Giambattista Vico and Immanuel Kant are two important philosophers associated with constructivism.
22
Question
What does Immanuel Kant argue about knowledge and the world?
Answer
Immanuel Kant argued that we can obtain knowledge about the world, but it will always be subjective knowledge, filtered through human experiences and perspectives.
23
Question
What is the central idea of structuration in constructivism?
Answer
The central idea of structuration in constructivism is that there is a dynamic relationship between structures (such as social norms and institutions) and the individuals who act within those structures.
24
Question
How do constructivists like Alexander Wendt view anarchy in international relations?
Answer
Constructivists like Alexander Wendt suggest a less rigid view of anarchy, emphasizing the importance of social norms and shared understandings among states.
Chapter 7 (Pg. 241-End of chapter)
Study
1
Question
What is the major problem that states face in anarchy according to neorealists?
Answer
The problem of uncertainty
2
Question
What is uncertainty about in the international system according to neorealists?
Answer
Uncertainty is about the present intentions of other states and the future intentions of other states.
3
Question
What is the security dilemma according to neorealists?
Answer
In anarchy, states are always seeking security moves, which can be misread by other states, leading to a cycle of insecurity.
4
Question
What does realism only need states to be uncertain about according to neorealists?
Answer
Realism only needs states to be uncertain about the present and future interests of the other.
5
Question
According to neorealists, is uncertainty profound in anarchies of great powers?
Answer
Yes, uncertainty may often be profound in anarchies of great powers.
6
Question
What does Dale Copeland argue about Wendt's constructivist analysis?
Answer
Dale Copeland argues that Wendt's constructivist analysis overlooks the difficulties states face in obtaining trustworthy information about the motives and intentions of other states.
7
Question
What does the risk of deception significantly increase according to Dale Copeland?
Answer
The risk of deception significantly increases the problem of uncertainty.
8
Question
What do constructivists tend to assume about social interaction between states?
Answer
Constructivists tend to assume that social interaction between states is always sincere and that states genuinely attempt to express and understand each other's motives and intentions.
9
Question
What is the pervasive element in the relations between many states according to Dale Copeland?
Answer
The pervasive element is deception in the relations between many states.
10
Question
What do deceptive actors do in international relations according to Dale Copeland?
Answer
Deceptive actors will stage-manage the situation to create impressions that serve their narrow ends, and other actors, especially in world politics, will understand this.
11
Question
Do constructivists believe that states are genuinely peaceful in their interactions?
Answer
Yes, constructivists tend to believe that states genuinely attempt to express and understand each other's motives and intentions, assuming that social interaction between states is always sincere.
12
Question
What is an example of states saying one thing and meaning another according to the text?
Answer
The Hitler-Stalin pact, where it was probably clear to most that it was not based on good and sincere intentions about cooperation between the two states.
13
Question
What is an example of deceptive actors in international relations according to the text?
Answer
The analysis by Ted Hopf on Soviet and Russian foreign policy, where Khrushchev praised China publicly but warned West German Chancellor Adenauer in private conversations that China represented a real threat to the USSR and the West.
14
Question
What does the analysis by Ted Hopf on Soviet and Russian foreign policy highlight?
Answer
The analysis highlights the deceptive nature of some actors in international relations, where public statements may differ significantly from private views and intentions.
15
Question
According to constructivists, how do they explain the behavior of states in the international system?
Answer
According to constructivists, they maintain that anarchy and the behavior of states can be understood through social interaction and shared understanding of norms and values.
16
Question
What did Chancellor Konrad Adenauer think China was to the USSR and the West?
Answer
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer thought that China was a real threat to the USSR and to the West.
17
Question
According to constructivists, what is anarchy and its impact on conflict?
Answer
Constructivists believe that anarchy is a more complex entity than posited by neorealists. It does not always lead to self-help, mutual aggression, and the risk of violent conflict.
18
Question
What is the critique against Mearsheimer's claim about realism as the dominant discourse from the late medieval period to 1989 by constructivists?
Answer
Constructivists maintain that Mearsheimer's claim about realism as the dominant discourse is not accurate. They argue that warfare and power politics in medieval Europe cannot be easily separated from religious norms, and normative constraints affected the actions of states.
19
Question
What argument do constructivists present against Barnett's claim about the origins of laws of war such as the proper treatment of prisoners and the illegality of summary executions?
Answer
Constructivists argue that Barnett ignores the deep historical sources of many modern international norms, and the laws of war have much deeper historical foundations that go back to Christian culture in medieval Europe.
20
Question
Why do constructivists believe it is important to incorporate ideas and social interaction in the study of interests and identities?
Answer
Constructivists believe that without incorporating ideas and social interaction, it will not be possible to produce a precise analysis about the nature of anarchy in particular historical periods.
21
Question
How do neorealists counter the argument about the degree of internalization of shared ideas among states?
Answer
Neorealists can argue that Wendt's first degree of internalization reflects a thin commitment to shared ideas among states.
22
Question
What is the study of how countries interact with each other called?
Answer
International relations
23
Question
Do norms and ideas matter in international relations?
Answer
Yes, they do.
24
Question
What is the constructivist view of change in international relations?
Answer
Constructivists provide few insights on why discourses rise and fall and usually argue that changes in the material world drive changes in discourse.
25
Question
What does neorealism claim about change in international relations?
Answer
Neorealism downplays change by claiming international relations to be the same things over and over again, a constant logic of anarchy.
26
Question
Who is Robert Jervis and what does he contend about constructivists?
Answer
Robert Jervis contends that constructivists fail to explain how norms are formed, how identities are shaped, and how interests are defined.
27
Question
What is constructivism?
Answer
Constructivism emphasizes collective learning, cognitive evolution, epistemic change, and the life cycles of norms. It involves the institutionalization of people's knowledge, practices, and discourses.
28
Question
How do constructivists view norms?
Answer
Constructivists pay special attention to how norms diffuse globally and how they are sometimes internalized by domestic actors.
29
Question
What can constructivists cooperate with liberals on?
Answer
Constructivists can cooperate with liberals on processes of democratization, interdependence, and international institutions. They may also develop a liberal claim that international institutions can transform state identity and interests.
30
Question
What can constructivists cooperate with International Society theorists on?
Answer
Constructivists can cooperate with International Society theorists on the existence of common interests and common values between states, making relations between states an international society instead of a mere system of states.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 279-298)
Study
1
Question
What is foreign policy?
Answer
Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, and activities of national governments in conducting international relations with other countries and organizations.
2
Question
Who is involved in managing foreign relations?
Answer
Government officials such as presidents, prime ministers, foreign ministers, defense ministers, and finance ministers, along with their closest advisors, are usually the key policymakers in managing foreign relations.
3
Question
Can foreign policies be analyzed with theories of international relations?
Answer
There is a debate in the literature, but most scholars believe that theories of international relations have direct implications for understanding and analyzing foreign policies.
4
Question
What is foreign policy?
Answer
Foreign policy involves a means-end way of thinking about goals and actions of government.
5
Question
What does instrumental analysis involve?
Answer
Instrumental analysis involves thinking of the best available decision or course of action to make things happen according to one's requirements or interests.
6
Question
What does policy analysis become when it advocates what ought to be done?
Answer
When policy analysis becomes prescriptive, it advocates what ought to be done to solve foreign policy problems or achieve foreign policy goals.
7
Question
What does foreign policy analysis involve?
Answer
Foreign policy analysis involves scrutinizing the external policies of states and placing them in a broader context of academic knowledge.
8
Question
What is the academic context of foreign policy analysis usually defined by?
Answer
The academic context of foreign policy analysis is usually defined by theories and approaches, such as the ones discussed in previous chapters.
9
Question
How does the choice of theory affect the choice of policy?
Answer
The choice of theory is likely to affect the choice of policy because different theories are based on different vantage points and priorities.
10
Question
What do realists underline in their view of the world?
Answer
Realists underline the value of national security, enhancing national military power, and balancing that of other states.
11
Question
Realists
Answer
Realists emphasize the value of national security, enhancing national military power, and balancing that of other states as the correct way of achieving national security.
12
Question
International Society scholars
Answer
International Society scholars emphasize the values of order and justice, with a rule-based and well-ordered international society as a major goal.
13
Question
Liberals
Answer
Freedom and democracy are the core values for liberals. They believe that liberal democracies will support peaceful international cooperation based on international institutions.
14
Question
IPE approach
Answer
Scholars who emphasize the importance of socioeconomic wealth and welfare as a central goal of foreign policy are likely to take an IPE approach, focusing on the promotion of a stable international economic system that can support economic growth and welfare progress.
15
Question
Approaches to foreign policy analysis
Answer
1. Traditional approach: involves being informed about a government's external policies, knowing their history, comprehending the interests and concerns that drive the policies, and thinking through the various ways of addressing and defending those interests and concerns.
16
Question
What is foreign policy?
Answer
Foreign policy is about a government's decisions, actions, and strategies concerning its relationships with other countries.
17
Question
What do traditional theories of foreign policy focus on?
Answer
Traditional theories of foreign policy focus on understanding the decisions and actions made by the government and the reasons behind them.
18
Question
What is the main goal of studying foreign policy traditionally?
Answer
The main goal is to gain insight into the activity of foreign policymakers, either through experience or careful scrutiny of past and present foreign policies.
19
Question
Who were the main writers on the subject of foreign policy?
Answer
The main writers were historians, jurists, philosophers, and some practitioners such as Machiavelli, Grotius, George Kennan, and Henry Kissinger.
20
Question
What is the traditional approach cautious of?
Answer
The traditional approach is cautious of allowing theory to get ahead of practice and experience.
21
Question
Foreign Policy Analysis
Answer
Studying and explaining how foreign policy decisions are made.
22
Question
Traditional Approach
Answer
Focuses on the decision maker in foreign policy analysis.
23
Question
Comparative Approach
Answer
Inspired by the behavioralist turn in political science, seeks to build systematic theories and explanations of the foreign policy process.
24
Question
Rational Actor Model (RAM)
Answer
A theory that assumes that decision makers are rational actors who weigh the costs and benefits of different courses of action.
25
Question
Bureaucratic Structures and Processes
Answer
Focuses on how decisions are made within government organizations during crisis situations.
26
Question
Cognitive Processes and Psychology
Answer
Considers the psychological aspects and decision-making processes of foreign policy actors.
27
Question
Multilevel Multidimensional Theories
Answer
General theories that consider various levels and dimensions of foreign policy decision making.
28
Question
Constructivist Turn
Answer
Emphasizes the role of identities before interests in foreign policy analysis.
Chapter 9 (Pg. 299-End of chapter)
Study
1
Question
Foreign policy decisions are made in circumstances of uncertainty and with imperfect knowledge.
Answer
Foreign policy decisions are made in situations where things are not certain, and people may not know everything.
2
Question
Foreign policy is more prone to uncertainty and conflict than domestic policy.
Answer
Foreign policy is more likely to have things that are uncertain and have disagreements than policies within a country.
3
Question
Issues and problems that foreign policymakers deal with are always changing and moving.
Answer
The problems that people who make decisions about other countries have to deal with are always changing and moving.
4
Question
There is rarely a right or wrong foreign policy at the time it is made.
Answer
Usually, people making decisions about other countries can't know for sure if their decisions are right or wrong until later.
5
Question
Analytical models that claim to provide definitive accounts of foreign policy decision-making may not be trustworthy.
Answer
Some ways of trying to understand how decisions about other countries are made may not be completely reliable.
6
Question
Donald Trump's presidency has raised questions about how much power an individual leader has in making foreign policy decisions.
Answer
People have been wondering how much power one person, like Donald Trump, has to make decisions about other countries.
7
Question
Donald Trump wanted to change US foreign policy by putting America first.
Answer
Donald Trump wanted to make US foreign policy more about America and less about other countries.
8
Question
Donald Trump's style and rhetoric were different from previous presidents.
Answer
The way Donald Trump talked and acted was not the same as other presidents.
9
Question
Donald Trump's style was described as belligerent, bullying, impatient, irresponsible, intellectually lazy, short-tempered, and self-obsessed.
Answer
People said that Donald Trump acted in a way that was aggressive, mean, and not very patient or thoughtful.
10
Question
Donald Trump called US foreign policy before his presidency a complete and total disaster.
Answer
Donald Trump said that US foreign policy before he became president was a really big failure.
11
Question
After winning the elections, Donald Trump downgraded US engagement in international institutions and threatened trade wars with China.
Answer
After he became president, Donald Trump made the US do less with other countries and threatened to have fights about trade with China.
12
Question
What is the main message of the speech about the future of the United States?
Answer
The United States is shifting towards a more modest view of power and focusing on domestic challenges and the challenge from China.
13
Question
Who are the two presidents mentioned in the speech, and what was their stance on foreign policy?
Answer
Donald Trump and Barack Obama. Both represent a swing away from the optimistic global democracy promotion of previous presidents towards a more modest view of US power.
14
Question
What is the notion of "leading from behind" and who emphasized it?
Answer
Leading from behind means focusing on domestic nation building and only intermittently intervening abroad. Barack Obama emphasized this view.
15
Question
What was the foreign policy strategy of Woodrow Wilson?
Answer
Woodrow Wilson's administration attempted to spread democracy in Latin America and went to war in 1917 to make the world safe for democracy.
16
Question
According to Eliot Cohen, what is the deeper meaning of the notion of "America first" in foreign policy?
Answer
The notion of "America first" represents a permanent shift among American leaders away from the dominant post-war conception of US foreign policy.
17
Question
What is Trump's foreign policy vision?
Answer
Trump's foreign policy vision is one in which the United States is merely one great power among others. In this view, Washington should pursue its own interests, stand for freedom chiefly at home, and only intermittently abroad, rejecting as a matter of principle the international organizations that previous generations of US leaders built.
18
Question
How did Trump's foreign policy react to the declining hegemonic power of the US?
Answer
A more cynical interpretation is that Trump's foreign policy is the natural reaction of a declining hegemonic power no longer willing to invest in common purposes of the international society.
19
Question
What constraints did Trump face as an individual decision maker in foreign policy?
Answer
At home, he faced domestic level factors and international system constraints. His attack on democracy, prolonged campaign against the 2020 election result, and his attitudes towards foreign engagement were all constrained by domestic and international factors.
20
Question
How is the study of foreign policy structured around levels of analysis?
Answer
The study of foreign policy attempts to combine domestic and international explanatory factors, addressing the international system level, the nation-state level, and the level of the individual decision maker. Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) takes Waltz's first level of analysis, in the form of individual decision makers, seriously.
21
Question
What is the biggest difference of FPA compared to previous theories and approaches?
Answer
FPA takes individual decision makers seriously
22
Question
What does FPA emphasize in the way human agents and structures interact?
Answer
FPA emphasizes the way human agents and structures interact in foreign policy
23
Question
What do some IR theories argue about the influence of domestic politics on foreign policies?
Answer
Some IR theories argue that domestic politics influences foreign policies
24
Question
What does FPA need to fully realize its potential?
Answer
FPA needs to combine explanatory levels to fully realize its potential
25
Question
What was emphasized when discussing the imprint of Donald Trump on American foreign policy?
Answer
Erratic aspects of his personality and policies were emphasized, as well as showing how other aspects of his America First policy have deep domestic roots
26
Question
What is foreign policy analysis?
Answer
Foreign policy analysis is the study of the management of external relations and activities of nation-states as distinguished from their domestic policies.
27
Question
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
Answer
Otto von Bismarck was a German prime minister and one of the most talented practitioners of foreign policy in history.
28
Question
What did Otto von Bismarck say about creating and controlling the current of events?
Answer
Otto von Bismarck once said, "Man cannot create and control the current of events. He can only float with it and steer."
Chapter 10 (Pg. 305-324)
Study
1
Question
What is IPE?
Answer
IPE stands for International Political Economy, and it is a field of study that examines the interaction between politics and economics on a global scale.
2
Question
When were the current versions of IPE theories developed?
Answer
The current versions of IPE theories were developed in the 1970s and 1980s.
3
Question
How many different traditions of thought were identified in IPE?
Answer
No less than 19 different traditions of thought were identified in IPE.
4
Question
Is IPE a coherent theory?
Answer
No, IPE is not a coherent theory but more of a set of approaches or even just a field of inquiry.
5
Question
What are the four major issues in IPE presented in Chapter 6?
Answer
The four major issues in IPE presented in Chapter 6 are the relationship between politics and economics, development and underdevelopment, economic globalization, and how to empirically investigate problems of international political economy.
6
Question
What is the first issue concerning power and the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
Answer
The first issue concerns whether politics is in charge of economics or if it's the other way around.
7
Question
What sparked the debate about the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
Answer
The breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s sparked the debate about the relationship between politics and economics in IPE.
8
Question
What is the focus of the debate on the relationship between politics and economics in IPE?
Answer
The debate focuses on the way the rules of the game are formulated and maintained in international affairs.
9
Question
What is the first major issue in international political economy (IPE)?
Answer
The debate about the rules of the game in international affairs.
10
Question
Why is the debate about the rules of the game in international affairs important?
Answer
It affects our understanding of who has power in the world today and drives the major changes in the global economy.
11
Question
What is the second major issue in IPE?
Answer
Development and underdevelopment in the developing world.
12
Question
What do liberals emphasize in development and underdevelopment?
Answer
The constructive role of market forces for economic development.
13
Question
What do realists/mercantilists point to in development and underdevelopment?
Answer
The leading role of the state in the process.
14
Question
What do Marxists stress in development and underdevelopment?
Answer
The ties of dependency and exploitation that hamper development in the Global South.
15
Question
Which countries are considered successful modernizers in the developing world?
Answer
China, India, and Brazil.
16
Question
What is the third major issue in IPE?
Answer
The nature and extent of economic globalization.
17
Question
How extensive is economic globalization?
Answer
It involves global economic relations and is a fundamental change in our world.
18
Question
Who drives the process of economic globalization?
Answer
Various actors and entities contribute to driving the process.
19
Question
What is the fourth major issue in IPE?
Answer
How to study the real world as IPE scholars.
20
Question
What are the two contrasting approaches in studying the real world as IPE scholars?
Answer
The hard science American School of IPE and the more qualitative and normative British School of IPE.
21
Question
What is the role of market forces for economic development?
Answer
Market forces help with economic development by promoting growth and innovation.
22
Question
Who do realist-mercantilists point to as having a leading role in economic development?
Answer
Realist-mercantilists point to the state as having a leading role in economic development.
23
Question
What do Marxists emphasize as hampering development in the Global South?
Answer
Marxists emphasize the ties of dependency and exploitation as hampering development in the Global South.
24
Question
What term do many Marxists use for the developing world?
Answer
Many Marxists use the term 'Global South' for the developing world.
25
Question
What do liberals believe drives economic globalization?
Answer
Liberals believe economic globalization is a market-driven process with great potential to bring benefits to all.
26
Question
According to realists, who is in charge of globalization?
Answer
According to realists, states are basically in charge of globalization and heavily influence who benefits from the process.
27
Question
How do Marxists view economic globalization?
Answer
Marxists view economic globalization as an uneven hierarchical process where the advanced industrialized countries benefit the most.
28
Question
What do some scholars see globalization as?
Answer
Some scholars see globalization as an intensification of complex interdependence rather than something new and qualitatively different.
29
Question
What are some concerns about economic globalization?
Answer
Some concerns include increasing inequality particularly inside countries and the viability of the current model of capitalism in the United States and Western Europe.
30
Question
What is the fourth issue in the context of international economic relations?
Answer
The fourth issue concerns the kind of evidence that can be used in IPE or how to study the real world as IPE scholars.
Chapter 10 (Pg. 325 - End of Chapter)
Study
1
Question
What is economic globalization characterized by?
Answer
Economic globalization is characterized by dependence rather than interdependence and the concentration of economic power in leading industrialized countries.
2
Question
What events have put pressure on globalization?
Answer
The financial crisis in 2008, the nationalist Trump presidency, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 have put pressure on globalization.
3
Question
What is the neo-Marxist view of economic globalization?
Answer
The neo-Marxist view emphasizes the uneven and hierarchical nature of economic globalization, suggesting that it may not benefit underprivileged people and that it leads to intensified interdependence and the creation of a global economy.
4
Question
What are the three theoretical positions outlined in the text?
Answer
The three theoretical positions are economic liberals, realists/mercantilists, and neo-Marxists.
5
Question
Why are the poorest countries and people in difficulty according to the text?
Answer
The poorest countries and people are in difficulty because they are marginalized participants in economic globalization, not because of economic surplus being taken from them by the rich.
6
Question
What is economic globalization?
Answer
Economic globalization means countries and people around the world are connected and depend on each other for trade and money.
7
Question
What are nation-states?
Answer
Nation-states are countries with their own governments and rules.
8
Question
What is inequality?
Answer
Inequality means some people have a lot of money and resources while others have very little.
9
Question
What does industrialization mean?
Answer
Industrialization is when a country starts using factories and machines to make things instead of doing everything by hand.
10
Question
What is the richest 1 percent?
Answer
The richest 1 percent are the wealthiest people in the world who have a lot of money and resources.
11
Question
What is the bottom 50 percent?
Answer
The bottom 50 percent are the people who have the least amount of money and resources in the world.
12
Question
What is the housing bubble?
Answer
The housing bubble is when house prices go up really high, and then suddenly drop, causing a big problem for people who own houses.
13
Question
What is the financial crisis?
Answer
The financial crisis is when there is a big problem with money and banks, and it affects many people and businesses.
14
Question
What are financial institutions?
Answer
Financial institutions are places where people keep their money and get loans, like banks.
15
Question
What does lax regulation mean?
Answer
Lax regulation means there are not enough rules and control over how money and banks can operate, which can lead to problems.
16
Question
What are financial markets?
Answer
Financial markets are places where people buy and sell money, stocks, and other financial products.
17
Question
What are derivatives?
Answer
Derivatives are complicated financial products that are hard to understand and price correctly.
18
Question
What does opaque mean?
Answer
Opaque means something is difficult to understand or see through.
19
Question
What is profit?
Answer
Profit is when someone makes extra money from their business or investments.
20
Question
What is economic globalization?
Answer
Economic globalization means the way countries are connected through trade, investment, and technology.
21
Question
What does economic globalization bring?
Answer
Economic globalization brings increased prosperity and challenges to the state.
22
Question
Who benefits from economic globalization?
Answer
Economic globalization benefits some people, but it can also lead to inequality.
23
Question
What is the impact of economic globalization on the pandemic?
Answer
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that economic globalization has led to structural inequality and different experiences within and across countries.
24
Question
What is economic globalization?
Answer
Economic globalization is when countries and businesses around the world start working together more.
25
Question
What does Dani Rodrik think about hyperglobalization?
Answer
Dani Rodrik thinks that hyperglobalization is not good for keeping democracy and national determination strong. He believes in a less freewheeling system of economic exchange that is better regulated and in harmony with national objectives.
26
Question
What do Iversen and Soskice think about the role of advanced democracies in globalization?
Answer
They believe that advanced democracies are in control of globalization and benefit from it. They think that the laws of capitalism driving wealth accumulation are politically and democratically manufactured.
27
Question
What is the role of liberal democracy in globalization according to Iversen and Soskice?
Answer
Liberal democracy empowers the middle class, which has the decisive vote. This results in policies that keep economies attractive for capital, reducing international capital's bargaining power.
28
Question
What is 'creative destruction' according to Joseph A. Schumpeter?
Answer
Creative destruction refers to the gradual abandonment of old firms, industries, and sectors as technology and trade patterns change.
29
Question
What is globalization?
Answer
Globalization is when countries and people around the world are interconnected and interact with each other.
30
Question
What is theoretical eclecticism?
Answer
Theoretical eclecticism is when we combine insights from different theories to make new frameworks for understanding complex issues.
Chapter 11 (Pg. 339 - 358)
Study
1
Question
What does the chapter discuss?
Answer
The chapter discusses important issues raised by current events and their impact on the study of international relations.
2
Question
Why are values and theory important in discussing issues in IR?
Answer
Values are important in determining what is considered significant, and theory is important in providing a theoretical basis for the importance of an issue in the study of IR.
3
Question
How does the discussion of issues proceed in the chapter?
Answer
The discussion proceeds by examining the empirical problems raised by the issues, considering their significance in the agenda of IR, and discussing the theoretical challenge they present.
4
Question
What are the four key issues discussed in the chapter?
Answer
Climate Change, International Terrorism, Religion, and Balance and Hegemony in World History.
5
Question
What is the overall purpose of discussing these issues?
Answer
The purpose is to illustrate how different issues can enter the discipline of IR and challenge its theoretical focus.
6
Question
What are the major issues in international relations?
Answer
Climate change, international terrorism, religion, and balance of power in world history.
7
Question
Why is climate change an important issue in international relations?
Answer
Climate change has emerged as a third major issue area, and the consequences of climate change, in the form of global warming, pose significant concerns.
8
Question
What is green theory and why is it significant?
Answer
Green theory is based on the notion that an imminent ecological crisis will reshape global politics and make much of what we thought we knew about international relations irrelevant.
9
Question
What are the implications of climate change in international relations?
Answer
Climate change forces us to rethink our approaches to international relations both in a substantial and a normative sense. It will be the new arena for international conflict and cooperation.
10
Question
How do some critics argue that environmental degradation sits uncomfortably with dominant approaches to international relations?
Answer
Some critics argue that aspects of environmental degradation sit uncomfortably with the dominant approaches to international relations, posing a significant problem.
11
Question
Environmental degradation
Answer
Harm caused to the environment by human activity.
12
Question
Climate Change
Answer
Changes in weather patterns and temperatures, often caused by human activity and leading to global warming.
13
Question
Carbon Dioxide
Answer
A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
14
Question
Global Warming
Answer
The gradual increase in the Earth's overall temperature due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
15
Question
Mitigate
Answer
To make something less severe or harmful, such as reducing the impact of climate change.
16
Question
Anthropogenic
Answer
Caused by human activity or influenced by human beings.
17
Question
Catastrophic
Answer
Extremely harmful or disastrous.
18
Question
Emissions
Answer
The release of gases, pollutants, or other substances into the atmosphere.
19
Question
Greenhouse Effect
Answer
The trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere caused by the presence of certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.
20
Question
IR (International Relations)
Answer
The study of relationships between countries and the roles of sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations.
21
Question
Deeper Causes
Answer
Underlying reasons or origins of a problem, such as the root factors contributing to climate change.
22
Question
Material Relations
Answer
The interactions and connections between people, societies, and resources that contribute to the production of environmental harm.
23
Question
Natural Scientists
Answer
Experts who study the natural world and phenomena, such as climate scientists who analyze environmental changes and climate patterns.
24
Question
Forecasting
Answer
Predicting or estimating future events or trends based on existing data and evidence.
25
Question
International Response
Answer
Actions taken by multiple countries or global institutions to address and mitigate global issues, such as climate change.
26
Question
GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions
Answer
The release of gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, that contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
27
Question
Siberia
Answer
A region in Russia known for its vast frozen tundra and diverse ecosystems.
28
Question
Sunlight Reflection
Answer
The process by which light from the sun bounces off surfaces, impacting the Earth's energy balance and climate systems.
29
Question
Northern Hemisphere
Answer
The half of the Earth that is north of the equator, including regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia.
30
Question
What happens when the ice cap melts in the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer
The ice melting may release carbon and weaken the Gulf Stream, affecting climate and increasing greenhouse effect.
Chapter 11 (Pg. 359 - End of chapter)
Study
1
Question
What is terrorism?
Answer
Terrorism is an act of violence and fear used to achieve political or ideological goals.
2
Question
What is the realist view of terrorism?
Answer
Realists tend to focus on interstate relations and may believe that international terrorist groups can only flourish with state support.
3
Question
What is the liberal view of terrorism?
Answer
Liberals appreciate the importance of non-state actors and emphasize the need for international cooperation in facing the terrorist threat.
4
Question
How do liberals suggest addressing transnational terrorist networks?
Answer
Liberals suggest addressing transnational terrorist networks through networks of cooperating government agencies and international cooperation.
5
Question
What is poststructuralist analysis of terrorism?
Answer
Poststructuralist analysis views terrorism as a social construction and suggests a shift from an actor-centered to a discourse-centered perspective in terrorism studies.
6
Question
What is the logical starting point for terrorism research?
Answer
Discourse.
7
Question
What perspective should be emphasized in terrorism studies?
Answer
A discourse-centered perspective.
8
Question
What is the crucial role of metaphors in the making of reality in terrorism studies?
Answer
Metaphors shape the perception and understanding of terrorism.
9
Question
How was terrorism first constituted and how did it shift in 2004?
Answer
Terrorism was first constituted as war, but from 2004 onwards, the principal metaphor shifted from war to crime.
10
Question
How has the shift in the principal metaphor of terrorism affected Al-Qaeda's perception?
Answer
It transformed Al-Qaeda from an external to an internal threat.
11
Question
What factor is international terrorism connected to, according to world systems analysis?
Answer
International terrorism is connected to systemic factors, particularly to the rise and decline of leading states in the world system.
12
Question
How has globalization contributed to the expansion of international terrorism?
Answer
Globalization involving closer integration among states and technological advances in communication and transportation has pushed the expansion of international terrorism.
13
Question
What does securitization theory emphasize about terrorism?
Answer
Securitization theory emphasizes that terrorism is an example of how political actors securitize issues to give them more political attention than they deserve.
14
Question
What do scholars skeptical of mainstream approaches call for in the analysis of terrorism?
Answer
They call for the strengthening of critical terrorism studies.
15
Question
What do some scholars think about mainstream approaches to the analysis of terrorism?
Answer
Some scholars are sceptical and call for the strengthening of critical terrorism studies.
16
Question
Why are some scholars sceptical of mainstream analyses of terrorism?
Answer
They believe the analyses are too closely tied in with government agencies, which puts limitations on their work.
17
Question
What does the debate about terrorism studies indicate?
Answer
It indicates that terrorism studies are evolving as a field in their own right with discussions between different approaches.
18
Question
What do scholars need to evaluate as IR analysts?
Answer
They need to evaluate the relative merits of each approach to terrorism studies.
19
Question
What do many scholars argue about the events of 11 September 2001?
Answer
They argue that these events signal a resurgence of religion in international affairs.
20
Question
What does the claim of an increasing importance of religious beliefs, practices, and discourses imply?
Answer
It implies significant implications for international relations.
21
Question
How were religion and politics integrated in earlier days?
Answer
Religion and politics were deeply integrated, as explained in earlier days.
22
Question
What did the modern state that arose in Europe make religion?
Answer
The modern state made religion a private matter separate from politics.
23
Question
What did political rulers agree not to interfere in?
Answer
They agreed not to interfere in matters of religion in other countries.
24
Question
What came to be a model for other parts of the world?
Answer
The expulsion of religion from politics in the context of the modern sovereign state came to be a model for other parts of the world.
25
Question
What do Westerners tend to think modernization involves?
Answer
Westerners tend to think modernization involves secularization.
26
Question
What does Jos Casanova believe about the theory of secularization?
Answer
Jos Casanova believes the theory of secularization is so strong.
27
Question
What is secularization?
Answer
Secularization is when new areas of the world become modernized and separate religion from politics.
28
Question
According to Jos Casanova, what theory has attained a truly paradigmatic status within the modern social sciences?
Answer
Secularization theory.
29
Question
Is the claim of secularization being increasingly called into question?
Answer
Yes, it is increasingly called into question.
30
Question
What influential analysis emphasizes the resurgence of religion in politics?
Answer
The Clash of Civilizations thesis by Samuel Huntington.