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Animal Nervous System and Muscle Physiology
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Animal Nervous System and Muscle Physiology
Animal Nervous System and Muscle Physiology
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1
Question
How does the nervous system coordinate an animal’s responses?
Page 11
Answer
It receives internal and external messages, processes them, and sends commands that produce coordinated responses.
2
Question
Which structures make up the central nervous system?
Page 13
Answer
The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
3
Question
How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the brain and spinal cord?
Page 10
Answer
It provides a fluid cushion that helps protect them from sudden impacts and shocks.
4
Question
How do the cerebrum and cerebellum differ functionally?
Page 13
Answer
The cerebrum interprets sensory impulses and supports emotion and thought. The cerebellum regulates and coordinates complex voluntary movement, balance, and coordination.
5
Question
Why can damage to the visual cortex cause blindness?
Page 15
Answer
The visual cortex in the cerebrum allows animals to see, so damage to this area can result in blindness.
6
Question
What are neurons and glial cells in nervous tissue?
Page 12
Answer
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit impulses. Glial cells are supporting cells packed around neurons.
7
Question
How does an axon contribute to neuronal communication?
Page 12
Answer
The axon sends out nerve impulses or messages from the neuron’s cell body.
8
Question
How are many axons organized into a nerve?
Page 12
Answer
Millions of axons bundled together form a long, white structure called a nerve.
9
Question
How do the CNS, PNS, and ANS differ?
Page 12
Answer
The CNS is the central thinking location. The PNS contains structures away from the center and handles sensing and action. The ANS controls involuntary actions.
10
Question
Which functions are controlled by the brainstem?
Page 13
Answer
The brainstem controls major life-support functions such as breathing, growth, and heartbeat.
11
Question
What role does the spinal cord play in nervous communication?
Page 13
Answer
It carries messages to and from the central nervous system, with peripheral nerves joining it along the backbone.
12
Question
How do olfactory bulb sizes relate to an animal’s sense of smell?
Page 13
Answer
Animals with larger olfactory bulbs have a better sense of smell.
13
Question
How do predator and prey visual fields differ?
Page 15
Answer
Predators such as cats have a narrower forward-facing field and sharper focus. Prey animals such as rabbits have a wider field but less precise focus.
14
Question
Which nervous system structures belong to the peripheral nervous system?
Page 15
Answer
The peripheral nervous system includes structures connected to or arising from the central nervous system, including cranial and spinal nerves.
15
Question
How does the peripheral nervous system produce coordinated movement?
Page 15
Answer
Its specialized endings act as receptors and attach to muscles. Signals regulate the amount of force exerted, producing smooth movement.
16
Question
Which body functions are examples of autonomic actions?
Page 16
Answer
Blood pressure, heartbeat, and digestion are autonomic or involuntary functions.
17
Question
Why are reflexes useful for evaluating nervous function?
Page 16
Answer
Reflexes are rapid reactions with little conscious control, so they can test whether different nervous system parts are functioning properly.
18
Question
What can failure to respond to a loud noise indicate in a dog?
Page 16
Answer
It may indicate deafness or a nervous disorder.
19
Question
What causes rabies and how is it transmitted?
Page 17
Answer
Rabies is caused by a virus and is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal entering damaged skin.
20
Question
How does the location of a rabies wound affect disease progression?
Page 17
Answer
The closer the wound is to the brain, the less time the virus takes to reach the brain along nerve tissue, peripheral nerves, and the spinal cord.
21
Question
How do furious and dumb rabies differ clinically?
Page 17
Answer
Furious rabies involves unpredictable aggression and attacking behavior. Dumb rabies involves inactivity, listlessness, quiet behavior, or an appearance of paralysis.
22
Question
Which preventive action is recommended for dogs and cats against rabies?
Page 17
Answer
Dogs and cats should be vaccinated regularly for rabies.
23
Question
What organism causes tetanus in animals?
Page 18
Answer
The bacterium Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
24
Question
How does tetanus produce muscle rigidity and spasms?
Page 18
Answer
Bacteria infect cuts or wounds and produce a powerful toxin that causes rigidity and spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles.
25
Question
Why is tetanus commonly called lockjaw?
Page 18
Answer
The disease can cause the jaw to lock into position because of rigid muscle contraction.
26
Question
How does intervertebral disc disease impair spinal function?
Page 18
Answer
Disc material extrudes into the vertebral canal and compresses the spinal cord or a spinal nerve root, causing pain and impaired function.
27
Question
Which disorder involves inflammation of the membranes covering brain and spinal cord?
Page 19
Answer
Meningitis involves inflammation of those membranes, called the meninges.
28
Question
What are the principal features of epilepsy in dogs?
Page 19
Answer
Epilepsy causes sudden loss of consciousness and muscular convulsions. Causes may include trauma, infection, heart disease, or congenital disease.
29
Question
How is listeriosis transmitted among susceptible animals?
Page 19
Answer
Listeriosis can spread through urine, milk, feces, contaminated tissue, and feed.
30
Question
Which neurological disorder is associated with excess fluid in the brain cavity?
Page 19
Answer
Hydrocephalus involves accumulation of a large amount of fluid in the brain cavity.